Категория: Отчеты

This paper analyses the terms “enclave” and “exclave” as used in international law, distinguishing the two from each other.
The historical and legal analysis of the establishment of borders between the former Soviet Republics during the national-territorial delimitation of Central Asia from 1924 to 1927 is summarized, the sources and problems of the formation of enclaves in Central Asia are investigated, and the author’s evaluation of this process is presented with recommendations.

Special attention is paid to the challenges of international legal registration of state land borders and their demarcation in the
modern history of Central Asia. Negotiations regarding the delimitation of state borders in Central Asia, specifically in reference to the exact borders between enclaves and their surrounding territories, have proven to be the most difficult procedure in this process, having lasted over 20 years.

Currently, enclaves are one of the main factors complicating the positive development of intergovernmental and interethnic
relations in the region. Most of the region’s border conflicts arise precisely in the areas where enclaves are located. An early solution to the problems related to these enclaves will contribute to the establishment of a stable state border situation and to the improvement of interstate relations in Central Asia.

The results of this research may inspire interest in university students, as well as graduate students and experts studying the problems of national and regional security in Central Asia.

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Wheat is an important food product and a strategically important agricultural crop. In Central Asian economies, it occupies the leading place in cultivation and is the largest contributor to calories and nutrients in daily diet.

Due to their climatic and territorial features, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan are not able to supply enough wheat for their domestic market and are dependent on wheat imports, especially from Kazakhstan.

In the flour sector, the diversification of external purchases by importers and the development of their own grain processing play a significant role.

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This paper analyzes the results of the entry of the Kyrgyz Republic into the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Macroeconomic
indicators of the member states are derived from statistics of the World Bank, the Eurasian Economic Commission, the National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, and the National Bank of Kyrgyzstan. A comparative analysis of the position and the role of the country in the integration process is presented. The official position of authorities, as well as an unofficial evaluation of the membership of Kyrgyzstan in the EAEU, is also reflected upon. Recommendations for the  improvement of the integration process are given.

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Education as a development priority determines the development of the Kyrgyz Republic. Globalization processes and other changes at a global level have caused each country to recognize the need for sustainable development. The development of any country is directly dependent on human resources, and this, in turn, urgently requires the establishment of a modern education system in said country.

In 2015, the UN General Assembly passed the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, adopting the goal to guarantee every person the opportunity to receive quality education in life. The document notes that the world of the future is one of universal literacy, in which everyone is given the same opportunity to develop their abilities and has the same access to get an adequate education.

In recent years, in order to develop education in accordance with modern requirements, a number of important documents have been developed and adopted in the Kyrgyz Republic, including “Concept for the development of education in the Kyrgyz Republic until 2020”, “Strategy for the development of education in the Kyrgyz Republic in 2012-2020”, “State educational standards of general education schools”, “Development Program for 2018 – 2022. Unity. Confidence. Creation”, and ” National Strategy of the Kyrgyz Republic for 2018 – 2040″.

In these documents, strategic directions for the development of education were identified, including: the formation of students’ competencies, the implementation of student-centered learning, the construction of an informative education system using information technologies, the exchange of information at the managerial level, improving the quality of education through the development of the regions, among others.

The proposed concept of education development in the Kyrgyz Republic by 2030 was created based on the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic entitled “On Education” and on the above documents, with the aim of deepening the main principles found in them. In the Kyrgyz Republic, education aims to develop human resource capacities as well as accomplish two large-scale undertakings. First, preservation and further development of national and cultural identities, national values, and diversity in the context of globalization. Second, integration into the world educational system by taking into account the coming together of the patterns of globalization and national identity. In this process, the issues of educating the younger generation on the basis of national values and determining the level of knowledge that students achieve in different levels of education should prevail. 

The concept contains theoretical, methodological and organizational provisions and directions that contribute to the achievement of the above goals. 

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Agriculture is one of the main sectors of the economy in Central Asia. Most of the agricultural land in Central Asia
is desert and mountainous pasture. Consequently, livestock is an essential part of Central Asian agriculture and plays a vital role in supporting rural life.

This study illustrates the current trend of livestock in Central Asian countries and assesses the impact of livestock on poverty in Kyrgyzstan. The data for the study were taken from the, National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, FAOSTAT, and the Life in Kyrgyzstan (LiK) Survey. To estimate the impact of livestock on poverty, to measure the average treatment
effect, and to compare the poverty levels between the livestock group and the non-livestock group, data from the LiK for 2010 and 2013 were used. Shedding light on this issue can provide useful information on how well the livestock sector is able to alleviate povertyю

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This publication reflects the role of women in Central Asia including its trends and prospects, progress, and some of the unresolved issues in achieving gender equality in the social, economic and political spheres. The publication brings together concrete examples, the best practices and provides the practices from Central Asian countries.

The publication examines the participation of women in the social life, business, the work of parliaments and political parties, in elections and politics at different levels. This includes the participation of women in political life, in the context of the status of women in society as a whole.

The relevance of the publication lies in the fact that it tries to fill the existing gap in the place and role of women in the political life of Central Asian countries. The problems raised in the study stem from the daily practice of building a renewed region. In this regard, this work is important, but it is also necessary for practical terms. It is also associated with the need to create favorable conditions for the participation of women unpolitical life and economic environment of society. Of considerable importance are the recommendations proposed by the author on improving the means and methods of increasing the business and civic activity of women in the region.

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The media in Central Asian countries began its development after gaining sovereignty after the collapse of the USSR. In this process, each country has been practicing its own path with both positive and negative news. They have one thing in common: in all states the media has two positions both with, state newspapers, radio, television, news agencies, and non-state mass media. The difference is that in one country these positions are somehow opposed to each other, and in another country they are almost leveled in one line without confrontation.

This paper presents the progress of mass media in the perspective of each of the five countries of the region with an indication of their distinctive sides. Recommendations on reforming the mass media system is mentioned too.

The article presents an analysis on income inequality in Central Asian economies, and incomes in these economies were compared. Income inequality was an inevitable consequence of the transition to a market economy and the collapse of socialist countries. Internationally comparable data on household budget surveys was used.

This article analyzes the statistical indicators of monetary income of the population in Central Asian countries, particularly Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Due to geographical proximity, similarity of socio-political and socio-economic backgrounds of the countries in the region, the cross-country analysis approach was chosen.

In this work, monetary income means the amount of money received and accumulated by the population. The main sources of monetary income of the population include remuneration, income
from entrepreneurial activities, social payments (pensions, benefits, scholarships), income from private subsidiary plots of households, income from the financial system (payments of winnings, interest on deposits in banks, insurance rewards).

The strategic position of Central Asia once again turns it into the most important geopolitical subject of world politics and forces it to be dependent on the interests of regional and world powers, on the geopolitical plans of the forces of international terrorism. Therefore, many are interested in plunging Central Asia into chaos and turning it
into a zone of permanent escalation of conflict situations like Muslim North Africa, the Near and Middle East. Thus, turning Central Asia into a turbulent zone, dependent on global and regional geopolitical processes. To this end, the tactical doctrine of “controlled chaos”, implemented in Iraq, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan and other countries of the Muslim East, was launched and gradually promoted, as a result of which they de facto lost their statehood and turned into a bargaining chip of world powers.

In these conditions, to ensure the national security of Central Asian states, questions arise of joint construction of a multilateral and multilevel system of regional security, requiring urgent resolution of the tasks of mutual understanding and multilateral cooperation of the countries of the region. Undoubtedly, the security problems in Central Asia are complex geopolitical, economic, social and religious. Its complexity lies in the multidimensional and multilevel influence of both internal and external factors on the situation in the region. Its complexity also lies in the fact that, despite its shared historical past, Central Asia at the beginning of the 21st century is still not able to declare itself as a single and united new force in world politics. Under such conditions, the prospect of religious radicalization and violent extremism is considered one of the main security threats to Central Asian countries.

Moreover, the main problem and impending danger is that even a local escalation of religious violence in one of the Central Asian countries can result in a large-scale armed conflict at the
regional level. Moreover, there are more than enough prerequisites for destabilizing and escalating the religious, and not only religious situation in the region. As many understand the most important reasons for the growth of religious extremism in Central Asia are a set of socio-economic, socio-political and ideological problems of an internal and external nature that affect the security of all countries in the region.

In this regard, an extremely difficult situation is developing in the Ferghana Valley, which is divided between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. As many know, the territory of the Ferghana Valley is less than 5% of the entire region, but there is a very high population density. If in general in Central Asia this indicator is 28.8 people per square kilometer, then in the Ferghana Valley – 1150 people. In addition, there is a difficult ethno-political situation, a low standard of living, and the position of Islamic radicalism is especially strong.

In general, in the event of a local, and then a possible regional conflict of a religious or ethno-religious nature and a likely coordinated invasion of international extremists within Central Asia,
the region will plunge into chaos for a long time, and become the ruins of a cultural, intellectual, material and political past well-being, like Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Syria, etc. Thus, become the next victims of geo-political projects of global actors and jihadist ideas of religious extremists. Therefore, in the conditions of the rapid growth of various destabilizing factors, it is first of all necessary to coordinate and optimize the religious policy of the countries of the region with the help of joint political, legal, socio-economic, spiritual-educational, law-enforcement and preventive projects and power factors, i.e. systematic approaches to solving emerging problems in Central Asia.

The CIS countries have already acquired the reputation of states with favorable conditions for drug expansion and are gradually turning into a new world center of drug business. Distribution channels run across the borders of the Central Asian region, which the international drug mafia is gradually getting closer to. After all, as is well known, the drug trade is an inexhaustible source of illegal revenue and is within the traditional field of criminal activity of organized crime.

The drug trade is almost entirely controlled by organized criminal groups and has a highly precise organization, and this problem is not only regional, but exists on a global scale. It should be noted that the illegal trade in narcotic drugs gradually acquires the character of “drug expansion” and in the Kyrgyz Republic involves more and more people in the process. As the ex-head of the Drug Control Agency of the Kyrgyz Republic, B. Nogoibaev, emphasized, there is also a tendency in Kyrgyzstan to transform the country from a drugtransport country to a drug-dependent country.

We agree with the view that drug-related crime and drug addiction are interrelated negative phenomena whose fundamental differences necessitate a differentiation of measures to combat them. Despite the attempts of scientists to determine the legal nature of drug-related crime, drug addiction and drug addiction, a single position has not yet been developed.

It should be noted that the drug business has become a blatant threat in the countries of Central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan. The reason for this, in our opinion, is the lack of a unified and coordinated state anti-drug policy, imperfect criminal legislation, ineffective law enforcement and much more.

In this paper, an analysis of various sources aimed at the consecration of issues related to drug addiction is carried out, which is relevant for almost all countries of Central Asia.